Reality Tv and It’s Effect on Society

Kenneth Nevling Professor Whitworth ENG 114: First draft- Reality TV 07 November, 2010 Reality TV and It’s Effect on Society A reality TV show stars a non-celebrity or a volunteer who wants to participate in the program. The core role is to see what their reactions in certain scenarios are, and how they face given situations. The audience feels like they have a connection with the show’s stars as they feel that they are real and normal people representing them. Viewers are then entertained by the sadness, depression, frustration, and emptiness that the reality stars will express in the show.Audiences cannot seem to get enough of the drama of other regular, everyday people placed in unrealistic settings manipulated for the world to see. Overtime, exposure to these shows will subtly cultivate viewer’s perception of reality. Reality television shows have a negative influence on today’s society by portraying a false sense of communal experience, creating unrea listic standards of living, as well as affecting the productivity of growth to the younger generation. If television was all that was important to our existence then we would be very well off.Marketing and production for reality TV shows are much less costly than it would be to pay for a whole set and professional actors/actresses. James Poniewozik, a writer for TIME magazine’s Tuned In column, writes about how reality TV has been the best thing to happen to viewers and television companies. Poniwozik states, â€Å"It has given the networks water-cooler buzz again; it has reminded viewers jaded by sitcoms and dramas why TV can be exciting; and at its best, it is teaching TV a new way to tell involving human stories† (01).Ratings for networks have skyrocketed ever since reality shows first began to hit the air. People are entertained and excited to watch drama that reality stars go through, forgetting about their own drama. He also states that â€Å"Reality shows donâ €™t just reach tens of millions of viewers but leave them feeling part of a communal experience† (02). Here it is obvious that these viewers who strive to achieve a communal experience through the television are not leading healthy lives.If a communal experience is desired then one should get off the couch and get out of the house. We should spend more time volunteering, playing sports, learning, and many other things that are taken away from time spent in front of the television. Reality television can be considered a form a brainwash broadcasting that people will watch and attempt to base their own personal lives off of what media portrays as reality. Audiences will desire to become stars themselves from the excessive time spent watching these false stereotypes of humanity.Jake Halpern, author of the book, Fame Junkies, states, â€Å"The children and teenagers I meet are convinced that fame is a cure-all for life’s problems and that they’re entitled to bec ome stars† (03). Much of the audience watching believe that fame is the only way out of their real life problems. The American society is turning into an increasingly celebrity obsessed culture in which people will attempt to manipulate their own lives to act out similar to reality stars. Each day viewers will reciprocate actions and in the process lose their own sense of critical thinking and real emotions toward real life situations.These unrealistic standards of living are unreal and devastating to individuals who view these shows on a regular basis. Prolonged exposure to television will also have a negative influence on the growth of the younger generation. Excessive time spent watching reality TV defers children from spending more time on healthy activities such as playing outside with friends, reading books, playing sports, studies, and many other activities that require practice to become skillful.It is believed that children under the age of eight cannot decipher the d ifference between fantasy and reality, making them much more vulnerable to the effects of television. Exposure to these shows may result in children behaving in a similar state, acting out when something doesn’t go their way. There is a powerful link between exposure to media violence and violent behavior. Kyle Boyse is a registered nurse from Michigan University who states that â€Å"An average American child will see 200,000 violent acts and 16,000 murders on TV by the age of 18† (04).It is important to understand that seeing images containing death and violent acts will initiate more violent crimes. Children and young adults are the likeliest audience for these types of shows, thriving for acceptance and what may need to be done to be considered cool. The effects on the growth of the younger generation are of great importance and must not be taken lightly. We’ve all seen the shows on television where women and men alike are acting in a manner that one wouldnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t typically see on a daily basis.As soon as the television turns on we are exposed to lies, deceit, violence, and many inappropriate sexual circumstances in which viewers will subconsciously reciprocate at one time or another. Teens will strive to be popular and do so by imitating what they believe is necessary to be accepted by their peers. As the audience of these reality shows we must submerge ourselves in a moment of self-cultivation, and determine whether or not these shows are appropriate for our children, and even us as adult viewers. Let us be aware of the false sense of community within the television and seek a communal experience elsewhere.We must understand that the standards of living portrayed by reality stars in nothing short of an ad-libbed script, over dramatized by directors to capture the attention of the audience. Finally we must realize that our children are very impressionable. Teenagers will take what they see on television and carry it with them throug hout their adolescence and into adulthood. Therefore affecting society overall. Works Cited Page 01) Poniewozic, James. â€Å"Why Reality TV IS Good For Us† February 12th 2003. Time. November 6th 2010 http://www. time. om/time/magazine/article/0,9171,421047,00. html 02) Poniewozic, James. â€Å"Why Reality TV IS Good For Us† February 12th 2003. Time. November 6th 2010 http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,421047,00. html 03) Halpern, Jake, â€Å"Fame Junkies† Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. November 6th 2010 http://www. houghtonmifflinbooks. com/booksellers/press_release/fame/ 04) Boyse, Kyle, â€Å"Televion And Children† University of Michigan Health System. Updated August 2010. Accessed November 6th 2010. http://www. med. umich. edu/yourchild/topics/tv. htm

The Five Pillars of Islam – Shahadah

The Shahadah (profession of faith) What is it? Specific, religious description Shahadah (testimony, oath) (witness, to know and believe without suspicion) Summary and declaration of Muslim faith One enters Islamic faith when reciting the Kalima (statement of faith) â€Å"I bear witness that there is no other deity but, Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah† (in Arabic) Muslims recite the Kalima with understanding and full internal acceptance It is not sufficient for anyone to just recite these words but one should believe in it by heart with a firm convictionReciting the Kalima, they proclaim that : 1. Allah is the only God and Muhammad is his prophet; 2. accepts that this is true -> Should be constantly and consciously present in the heart of every muslim 3. and that they will obey all the commitments of Islam in their life These words are the first words newborns hear, and the last words heard by the dying. A Muslim lives with these sentences, hea rs them and utters them at least once every day Part of the ritual prayer in the 2nd pillar of IslamFor sunni Muslims, it is the first of the five pillars of faith; while the Shi’a connects it to their lists of pillars of faith The Shahadah has certain conditions that makes a person benefit from the Kalima (testimony of faith) 9 Conditions of the Shahadah: Knowledge (‘ilm) having the basic and general knowledge of the shahadah what this testimony concerns? As a normal person would have to know what they are testifying about when making an oath. because not knowing what you are testifying about is absolutely unacceptable.It would mean nothing, basically. Certainty (yaqeen) In Islam, any kind of doubt is similar to disbelief (Kufr) Muslims have to be certain of the truth of the Shahadah Allah describes the believers in the Qur’an â€Å"the (true) believers are those only who believe in Allah and His messenger and afterward doubt not, but strive with their wealth a nd their lives for the cause of Allah. Such are the sincere. â€Å"? (al-Hujjarat : 15). Muslims have to be certain of the truth of the Shahadah and that there is no sense of doubt or wavering of hearts. oubts and suspicions are more dangerous than lusts and desires for a person’s faith cure: is the sound knowledge of the Qur’an and Sunnah Acceptance (qabool) after knowing and being certain of the shahadah, one must accept it believer accepts the implications of the shahadah = also means believing in what the Qur’an states or by the Prophet without any questions asked whatever comes from Allah or Muhammad, a true Muslim believes in it as the truth Submission (Inqiyad) he actual physical enactment with the deeds of the shahadah duties to be performed with sincerity to Allah and seeking forgiveness and guidance from him the meaning of Islam itself, â€Å"the submission to the will and commands of Allah† eg. performing the five daily prayers as it is compul sory for them to do so; and reciting the Kalima everyday of their lives Truthfulness (as-sidq) saying the shahadah honestly. One to mean it. Hypocrites -> not believing in it but saying it to protect themselves and gaining something from doing so Sincerity (ikhlass) eaning of sincerity is opposite of shirk (nifaaq)->(avoiding or neglecting a duty or responsibility) when making the shahadah, must do it for the sake of Allah they are Muslims only for the sake of Allah, all of their actions are done only for the sake of Allah are they Muslims for their parents and would do whatever their parents would like them to do? or are they muslims for allah’s sake and would do whatever Allah wants them to do? Love (mahabbah) love of the shahadah, its meaning and being happy with it Denial of False worship orship only Allah and deny any false deities(Taghoot) Adherence (astaqeem) adherence or support of it until death reflects in the Hereafter the shahadah is a Muslim’s banner until death to be in complete state of surrender, submission, obedience to Allah Muftah ul Jennah (Key to Paradise) Proclaims it with sincerity and devotion and acts and lives in accordance to its requirements How and why is this pillar important for the everyday life of a muslim? Most important article of faith Reinforces(strengthens, promotes) the muslim faith and represents acceptance f Allah and Muhammad and the religion, Islam The significance of this declaration is the belief that the only purpose of life is to serve and obey Allah through the teachings and practices of Muhammad Reciting the Kalima is the most essential act of Islam The Second Pillar – Prayer The faithful perform ritual prayer – which is known as Salat – at least five times each day This the expression of gratitude and love towards Allah By practicing Salat is also the recognition of the greatness of Allah and the inferiority of man Prayer offers guidance and peace of mind for the faithfulTo pr epare for Sadat, Muslims perform wudu or ritual washing of the face, arms and feet. Formal prayer incorporates various postures such as standing, kneeling, bowing and touching one’s forehead to the ground. This demonstrates the act of submission and surrender before Allah The five prayer times are determined by the position of the sun in the sky, and not the clock, both men and women Muslims prayer at dawn, midday, mid afternoon, sunset and before going to bed. dawn; is known as fajr and is called when there is merely the slightest glimmer of light on the eastern horizon and homes are still in total darkness.The prayer must be performed before the sun appears over the horizon. It includes the words ‘prayer is better than sleep’ midday; is known as zuhr is just after the sun has reached its highest point or zenith mid afternoon; known as ‘asr, is just after the sun has reached the midpoint between the zenith and the western horizon sunset; known as the Maghr ib is performed when the sun has touched the western horizon Before bed; known as ‘isha when the last glimmer of red has faded from the western sky Muslims usually say their prayers on small prayer mat, known as sajjada, lways facing towards the holy city of Mecca. The recitation that is essential for every unit of every prayer is the al-Fatiha – the first chapter of the Qur’an. How to pray to Allah: Make sure your body and place of prayer are clean. Perform ablutions if necessary. Make the intention to perform your obligatory prayer. Standing, raise hands up and say â€Å"Allahu Akbar† (God is Most Great). Standing with hands folded over chest, recite the first chapter of the Qur'an in Arabic. Then recite any other verses of the Qur'an that you would like. Raise hands up, saying â€Å"Allahu Akbar. Bow, reciting three times, â€Å"Subhana rabbiyal adheem† (Glory be to my Lord Almighty). Rise to standing while reciting â€Å"Sam'i Allahu liman ham idah, Rabbana wa lakal hamd† (God hears those who call upon Him; Our Lord, praise be to You). Raise hands up, saying â€Å"Allahu Akbar. † Prostrate on the ground, reciting three times â€Å"Subhana Rabbiyal A'ala† (Glory be to my Lord, the Most High). Rise to a sitting position, saying â€Å"Allahu Akbar. † Prostrate again in the same manner. Rise to a standing position, saying â€Å"Allahu Akbar. † This concludes one rak'a (cycle or unit of prayer).Begin again from Step 3 for the second rak'a. After two rak'as, one remains sitting after the prostrations and recites the first part of the Tashahhud in Arabic. If the prayer is to be longer than these two rak'as, one now stands up and begins again to complete the prayer, sitting again after all rak'as have been completed. Recite the second part of the Tashahhud in Arabic. Turn to the right and say â€Å"Assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullah† (Peace be upon you and God's blessings). Turn to the left a nd repeat the greeting. This concludes the formal prayer. The third pillar of faith: The Poor Tax. Description:The Poor Tax is also known as Compulsory Charity or Zakat. It requires every financially stable Muslim to give to this charity. Zakat is viewed as â€Å"compulsory charity†, for those who have received their wealth from God are obligated to give to the community in need. Islam requires man to consider his personal wealth as belonging to Allah and, therefore, to set apart a portion for Him. No maximum limit has been prescribed, but a minimum limit has definitely been fixed. According to statutory Zakat, each individual must abide by this and spend a fixed minimum percentage of his wealth every year in the way prescribed by Allah.Zakat must be paid on different categories of property including gold, silver, money, livestock and agricultural produce. It also requires an annual contribution of 2. 5% of an individual’s wealth and assets. This money that is given as Zakat can only be used for certain specific things, like to support the poor and needy, free slaves and is a form of social security in a Muslim society. Importance: Islamics encourages the sharing of their wealth with others and helps people to stand on their own and become active members of society. In Arabic, Zakat literally means â€Å"purification† this is considered to purify one’s heart of greed.The Zakat is also a means of helping those poor Muslims. If all Muslims paid their taxes there would be no poverty in the world. It is a system made by Islamics to help poor people and to maintain balance between luxury and poverty. It’s main purpose is to discourage the accumulation of wealth within groups in society and to fix the uneven distribution of wealth in society. Zakat, first and foremost, makes it plain to people that their entire ‘possessions’ are gifts of Allah The Zakat has great importance in the life of Muslims: It is a test of their faithfulness.It tests how one will help a those in need with what they have been given by God’s wealth. It is obligatory for all muslims. Those who refuse to pay the Poor Tax have false claims about being Islamic It separates the believers from the non believers. Those who believe in God would not ignore their requirement to pay the Poor Tax A payment of the Zakat brings Muslims together. The money collected is spent for the welfare of needy persons It removes social evils. The poor tend to commit theft because of their lack of money and by giving them financial support the crime level is lowered.It spreads wealth throughout the community. It gets a proportion of the money that many richer Muslim’s keep hoarded and it is then circulated throughout the market Importance: Zakat is the third ‘pillar’ of Islam. Zakat means setting apart for Allah every year a certain portion of one’s savings and wealth (generally 2. 5 percent) and spending it upon reli gious duties and on needy members of the community. The fulfillment of this duty is, in fact, a kind of reminder that all one has is in trust for Allah. Man should, therefore, hold nothing back from Allah.Islam requires man to consider his personal wealth as belonging to Allah and, therefore, to set apart a portion for Him. No maximum limit has been prescribed, but a minimum limit has definitely been fixed. According to statutory Zakat, each individual must abide by this and spend a fixed minimum percentage of his wealth every year in the way prescribed by Allah. Zakat is a symbol of one’s obligation to recognize the rights of others and to be in sympathy with them in pain or in sorrow. Zakat, first and foremost, makes it plain to people that their entire ‘possessions’ are gifts of Allah.Zakat is an annual tax, or duty, in essence and spirit: it is recognition on the part of man of the share which Allah, and other men, have in his wealth. – Zakaah purifies and cleanses wealth, and purifies the soul from stinginess and miserliness. It strengthens the love between the rich and poor, takes away hatred, makes security prevail and brings happiness to the ummah happy. The Fourth Pillar: FASTING IN ISLAM: Who must fast? Fasting ramadan is compulsory upon every Muslim, male or female, who has these qualifications: 1. To be mentally and physically fir, which means to be sane and able 2.To be of full age, the age of puberty and discretion, which is normally about fourteen. Children under this age should be encouraged to start this good practice on easy levels, so when they reach the age of puberty they will be mentally and physically prepared to observe fasting. 3. To be present at one's permanent settlement, your hometown, one's farm, and one's business premises, etc. This means not to be on a journey of about fifty miles or more. 4. To be fairly certain that fasting is unlikely to cause you any harm, physical or mental, other than the normal reactions to hunger, thirst etc.Exemption from Fasting These said qualifications exclude the following categories: 1. Children under the age of puberty and discretion. 2. Insane people who are unaccountable for their deeds. People of these two categories are exempted from the duty of fist, and no compensation or any other substitute is enjoined on them. 3. Men and women who are too old and feeble to undertake the obligation of fast and bear its hardships. Such people are exempted from this duty, but they must offer, at least, one needy poor Muslim an average full meal or its value per person per day. . Sick people whose health is likely to be severely affected by the observance of fast. They may postpone the fast. as long as they are sick , to a later date and make up for it, a day for a day. 5. Travelers may break the fast temporarily during their travel only and make up for it in later days, a day for a day. 6. Pregnant women and women breast-feeding their children may also break the fast, if its observance is likely to endanger their own health or that of their infants. But they must make up for the fast at a delayed time, a day for a day. . Women in the -period of menstruation (of a maximum of ten days or of confinement (of a maximum of forty days). They must postpone the fast till recovery and then make up for it, a day for a day. General Recommendations ?It is strongly recommended by Prophet Muhammad to observe these practices especially during Ramadan: 1. To have a light meal before the break of the dawn, known as Suhoor. 2. To eat a few dates or start breaking the fast bu plain water right after sunset, saying this prayer Allah humma laka sumna, wa' ala rizqika aftarna. (O God! or your sake have we fasted and now we break the fast with the food you have given us). 3. To make your meals as light as possibe because, as the Prophet put it, the worst thing man can fill his stomach. 4. To observe the supererogatory prayer known as Taraweeh. 5. To exhange s ocial visits and intensify humanitarian services. 6. To increase the study and recitation of the Qur'an. 7. To exert the utmost in patience and humbleness. 8. To be extraordinarily cautious in using ones senses, one's mind and, especially, the tongue; to abstain from careless gossip and avoid all suspicious motions.No food, drink, smoke or sexual pleasures are aloud during this month of Ramadan. 5th Pillar of Islam: The Hajj Where did the belief originate from In Muslim belief, Mecca has a unique status that goes back to the dawn of time. The Qur’an tells the story of the disobedience of Adam and Eve, and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden for eating the forbidden fruit, in much the same way as does the book of Genesis. There are a number of popular stories about where they fell. One is that Adam fell on Sri Lanka, on the top of what is now known as Adam’s Peak, and that Eve fell in Arabia.They spent many years looking for and at last met each other on the site of one of the great rituals of the Hajj, not far from Mecca: the plain of Arafat. Millions of pilgrims congregate here each year. The word Arafat in popular etymology means ‘recognition’, and the plain has this name as the place where Adam and Eve at last met, recognised each other and were reunited. Adam built the original Ka’ba, to be known as the House of God—the first place of worship on earth. It thus preceded any other sacred site on earth. Description of pillarHajj (pilgrimage) is a great annual event for Muslims. Hajj is an important ritual worship that should be performed by any adult Muslim (man or woman) at least once in life if one can afford it physically, financialy and safely. There are many reasons for why Hajj is important and for why Muslims perform hajj. First of these reasons is that Hajj is the fifth pillar of the Islam 5 pillars. You as adult Muslim (man or woman) is required to perform hajj at least once in your life if you can afford it financially, physically, and safely.Hajj (pilgrimage) is a great annual event for Muslims. Hajj is an important ritual worship that should be performed by any adult Muslim (man or woman) at least once in life if one can afford it physically, financialy and safely. Performance of the rites of the pilgrimage to Mecca, the Hajj to the seventh to the 10th day of dhu’l-hajja (12th month of the muslim calendar) Obligation for every Muslim to visit Mecca once in there life, who is of age, and of stable health, who has the financial means Significance of pillarThe pilgrimage to Mecca is an important aspect of the Islamic religion. Every Muslim person with the financial means to go to Mecca are expected to visit the sacred site. Mecca is the birthplace of Muhammad but this is not the central reason for its importance to Muslim people. The central reason for the significance of the 5th pillar of Islam is that Mecca is considered by the Muslims as the city of God. At the centre of Me cca is the Sacred Mosque, built around the Ka’ba. Mecca has its own unique status as it goes back to the dawn of time.The Qur’an tells the story of the disobedience of Adam and Eve, and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden for eating the forbidden fruit, in much the same way as does the book of Genesis. Passage that relate to it The first House [of worship] established on earth is indeed that at Bakka [Mecca], [set there] as a blessing and guidance for all peoples. In it are signs that give testimony. [In it is] the place where Abraham stood. Whoever enters it is secure from harm. The Pilgrimage to the House is a duty humankind owes to God. (Sura 3:96–97) Proclaim to humankind the Pilgrimage! They will come to you on foot, hey will come on every scrawny camel, they will come from every distant valley to behold the blessings prepared for them and recite the name of God on the appointed days, [as they sacrifice] the beasts and cattle He has provided for them. T hen eat of these cattle, and feed the poor and destitute. (Sura 22:27–28) The ‘Five Pillars' of Islam are the foundation of Muslim life: Faith or belief in the Oneness of God and the finality of the prophethood of Muhammad; Establishment of the daily prayers; Concern for and almsgiving to the needy; Self-purification through fasting; and The pilgrimage to Makkah for those who are able.

Genetic Engineering Essay

By using the techniques of genetic engineering scientists are able to modify genetic materials so that a particular gene of interest from one cell can be incorporated into a different cell. It is necessary to obtain a gene to modify genetic material. First a scientist isolates plasmid DNA from bacteria and DNA carrying a gene of interest from cells of another organism, such as an animal. A piece of DNA containing the gene is inserted into a plasmid, producing recombinant DNA, and the recombinant plasmid is returned to a bacterial cell. This cell is then grown in culture forming a clone of cells. The foreign DNA spliced into the plasmid is replicated with the rest of the plasmid as the host cell multiplies. In this way, the gene of interest is cloned. A critical step in gene cloning is the identification of the bacterial clone carrying the gene of interest. Gene cloning and genetics engineering were made possible by the discovery of restriction enzymes. These enzymes protect the bacteria against intruding DNA from other organisms, such as phages or other bacteria cells. They work by cutting up the foreign DNA, a process called restriction. Most restriction enzymes are very specific, recognizing short nucleotide sequences in DNA molecules and cutting at specific points within these sequences. The bacterial cell protects its own DNA from restriction by adding methyl groups(CH3)to adenines or cytosines within the sequence recognized by the restriction enzyme. The restriction fragments are double-stranded DNA fragments with at least one single-stranded end, called a sticky end. These short extensions will form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches on other DNA molecules cut with the same enzymes. The unions formed in this way are only temporary, because only a few hydrogen bonds hold the fragments together. The DNA functions can be made permanent , however, by the enzyme DNA ligase, which seals the Strands by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiesterbonds. We now have recombinant DNA, that has been spliced together from two different sources. There are five basic steps included in modifying genetic material so that a particular gene of interest from one cell can be incorporated into a different cell . Step 1: Isolation of vector and gene-sources DNA. Step 2:Isolation of vector and gene-source DNA. Step 3: introduction of the cloning vector into cells. Step 4: Cloning of cells and also foreign genes. Step 5 : Identification of cell clones carrying the gene of interest. To determine whether the gene was successfully incorporated we can synthesize a probe complementary to it. We trace the probe, which will hydrogen-bond specifically to complementary single strands of the desired gene ,by labeling it with a radioactive isotope or a fluorescent tag. An example of how gene transfer and incorporation have been used in biomedical or commercial application is gene therapy of insulin. One of the first practical applications of gene splicing was the production of mammalian hormones and other mammalian regulatory proteins in bacteria. Human insulin and human growth hormone (HGH) were among the earliest examples. This insulin produced in this way has greatly benefited the 2 million diabetics in the United states who depend on insulin treatment to control their disease.

IKEA- Furniture Retailer to the World Case Study

IKEA- Furniture Retailer to the World - Case Study Example It has a customer base of 583 million in 2007. Its customer base consists of mainly the middle class who are able to afford the furniture. It has had some significant changes in terms of their market and customer base. It dealt in various products when starting but changed to furniture which was very expensive in Sweden at the time. There was also a significant change in terms of their designs and manufacturing. These changes came about due to the pressure from their competitors. Their competitors were losing market to them due to their low prices and quality products (Dahlvig, 35). Ingvar Kamprad is the founder and head of the company. Like many other companies, IKEA started small by selling products from the family farm. The name IKEA came from an acronym where I and K were his initials; E stood for Elmtaryd which was the name given to the family farm and A was for Agunnaryd which was the Southern Sweden village where the farm was located. Their first employee was Gillis Lundgren, a 22 year old designer. The management at IKEA was informal and its founder led by example the low cost tradition. With Kamprad at the top, his management was non-hierarchical and informal. It was more of team based and his team would not spend extravagantly (Stenebo, 40). The management team comprised of young people who had not been employed by other enterprises before. This was because the more educated and elite could not adapt well with the work at IKEA. The business grew from a single store in Sweden to 285 stores in 35 countries. There were different challenges experienced in starting up these stores but they were overcome by the good team at IKEA. The employee base also grew from the founder who was joined by the designer and later the different managers at the different branches and other employees. The employee base stood at 127,800 in 2008 with a product range of 9500 products (Dahalvig, 45). As at 2008, IKEA had 1,380 suppliers in 54 countries. This

Face-to-face and distance training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Face-to-face and distance training - Essay Example The paper tells that in the fields of social science it is recognised that two primary methods of research can prove to be most effective. The quantitative method is one in which research is formalised and structured, and numerically-based information is sought by the researcher, for primarily statistical analysis. Well-designed questionnaires, which use systems such as the Lickert scale to quantify responses to questions, are examples of quantitative methods of research. Reponses to questionnaires can then be grouped, organised and structured, assigned numerical values, analysed statistically, and statistical trends and conclusions can be drawn from data. Another method of research prevalent in the social science arena is qualitative. As implied by the term, this research is less reliant on numerical analysis. Communicated, recorded ideas and words from respondents are used by researchers to determine trends, and to draw conclusions. A less formal, though no less thoughtful, process is entered into to establish the responses, feelings, and responses of respondents, and the advantage of this research is that it relies on interaction between researcher and respondent. While non-quantified data results from interviews, for example, conclusions can still be drawn from meanings communicated by respondents, and the amount of data available to the researcher based on relatively more intimate interaction with the subject, can be most useful. 3.4Research design Weaknesses according to other researchers Boyd (2001) considers that two to ten participants in a research study are ample to reach valid conclusions and Creswell (1998, pp. 65 & 113) recommends â€Å"long interviews† with participants. Therefore some realistic assessment of participants’ attitudes, stemming from their personal experiences, is certainly possible from this sample. The concept of research design suggests that a framework and structure for the collection and analysis of data must be e stablished by the researcher (Bryman, 2008). Thus, an approach must be identified and developed and procedures adopted to undertake a particular study. According to the theory of research design, these approaches must emphasise the quality of the selected procedures to meet the definite research criteria (Kumar, 1996). Particularly in social science research, two research methods have proven to be of most use to researchers: the quantitative method and the qualitative method (Kvale, 1996). Quantitative research, as outlined above, serves more effectively to deal with the number-based data obtained from quantitative studies (Rudestam and Newton, 2007). In contrast, qualitative

Sex Tourism on the Kenyan Coast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Sex Tourism on the Kenyan Coast - Essay Example The researches carried out on Sex Tourism makes us familiar with the roles of both sexes as sex workers and the tourists. Homosexuality which still has not been widely accepted in majority of the countries also is a part of it. We are also briefed about the rise of various products which is mainly due to sex tourism and also the various parts of the world where this practice is very active namely the events performed by the gays’ in places like San Francisco in the USA and in Sydney which is in Australia. The various aspects of human nature are also dealt with. The dark sides of our society like Child Prostitution, homo sexuality, and sexual exploitation of slaves as well as concepts like mail order brides are the most common subjects which are brought to the fore through the surveys carried out. The concept of sex tourism has been a matter of great interest and as a result more improved kind of surveys has been thought of to make us more familiar with this curse that is sprea ding at a rapid pace in the whole World. The modern authors have promoted new models to exploit the spread of sex tourism. Researches carried out on sex tourism and their results serve as a very good guideline for those who are in a way related with this issue such as the people who work in the tourism sector, students who are engaged in studies related to gender as well as the society. It also serves as a great medium for those who are involved in studies related to Woman. (Ryan, and Michael, 2001)

An Unlicensed Engineer for Constructing Engineers Case Study

An Unlicensed Engineer for Constructing Engineers - Case Study Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Charles Landers, unlicensed engineer for constructing engineers forged his partner Henry Wilson’s signature and used his professional seal on at least 40 documents. The falsified documents certified to the Anchorage City Health Department that local septic systems met all city wastewater disposal regulations. No violations of standards except for the forgery and misuse of the seal were reported. The circuit judge Michael Wolverton in his judgment banned Landers for one year from practicing as an engineer’s assistant. Furthermore, he sentenced him to 20 days in jail, 160 hours of community service, $4000 in fines and a year of probation. The judge cited that Landers’ actions constituted a breach of public trust as the public relies on the word of professional engineers to ensure the safety of systems. The first important element is that of forgery of signatures and unauthorized use of an engineer’s seal. This i s not only wrong in engineering but also in other professions where specialized professionals are required to provide their expertise on an issue. This can lead to a destruction of property, loss of lives and reputational damage to the profession among others. The second element is the aspect of canvassing and behaving like a competent engineer while in the real sense one is not. This amounts to deceiving the public for purposes of individual gains, which is unethical as this could still have far-reaching consequences because a violation of standards may be experienced. The third element concerns relationship with fellow engineers such that they are supposed to respect one another in the provision of their services. The relationship is important for personal and also for professional growth.

Marketing Intelligence in the Vineyard Limited Company Assignment

Marketing Intelligence in the Vineyard Limited Company - Assignment Example Here, I can obtain valuable information about the status of the company at present. The most efficient and easy way would be accessing the data on the internet by typing the trade name â€Å"Vineyard Limited Company.org. Alternatively, I would simply Google, â€Å"industry research reports† to receive a lot of information on the company’s current status as well as uncovering various marketing analysis information. My next step would be to carry out a formal research project. This would make it possible for me to identify the perceptions of customers about behavior patterns of the company. I can do this by observing customers and the way they purchase foods and drinks from the company as well as using questionnaires. From the forester reports, I learned that Emails connects everything in the process of an interactive mix (VanBoskirk 10). I would, therefore, use simple and easy-to-follow mail questionnaires to get an extensive knowledge of current issues in Vineyard Limited and to enable respondents to complete the quizzes conveniently. They will be more willing to give family and personal sensitive issues for the reason that the mail feedback can be anonymous. Data analysis and interpretation would be my critical step in analyzing the company’s current state. I would use computer-based statistical packages to analyze the data. My last step would be to use the results to make a marketing conclusion about this company. Given that I have already obtained information from customers as outlined above, I would come up with a process to guide the company in the desired direction. For instance, I would constantly develop new breakfast cereals, where the product element is this new foodstuff itself.  

Reading and Answer the Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reading and Answer the Question - Essay Example Various reactions arise regarding the funding of several arts in Melbourne an example being arts works of the twenty- eight year old McLennan’s at Victorian Arts College. There are many responses to the controversy surrounding public art and political message which makes the funding arts with political messages be viewed as an issue that pause some considerable threat. Therefore, there is a need to fund nonpolitical artistic works, since they perform a legitimate role in enhancing public reflection stimulation. This means that public funds are used for the benefit of the public, and not for the political interests of some politicians or individuals with hidden political intentions. However, as far as arts with political messages are concerned, there should be guidelines that control and regulate the use of public funds for art-funding to prevent the misuse of these funds in satisfying political needs of a few individuals. In the video that Mallika Sarabhai shares in her presentation, three main themes are clearly highlighted. Justice is the first theme that comes out clearly in this presentation. In the transformative story in dance by Mallika Sarabhai, the one eyed monkey feels that humans are unjust due to the way the woman treats the monkey after the god Indira fulfills that desire of the woman. The other theme that is seen in Mallika Sarabhai presentation is crime and crime subjects. In the presentation concern arises about who or which race is to be blamed for incidence of crime. The reluctance of the police in response to crime activities is reflected upon in this presentation. Lastly, the third theme that Mallika Sarabhai addresses in the presentation is the plight of women. Mallika does this by asking the audience several questions about rape cases in the nation whereby Mallika self-response to these questions shows that many women and girls are rape

Highly active DNA cells Essay Example for Free

Highly active DNA cells Essay Some people are born with some highly active DNA cells in their body. In my case, that highly active DNA gene was the Fashion gene. I recall having a highly developed fashion sense at a very early age. It all started when I learned to hold a crayon and got my first coloring book. I remember that it was a Barbie Fashions coloring book and my mother taught me how to color within the lines using only the 8 basic colors that was in the crayon box. I became addicted to the Barbie Fashion coloring books and my mother noticed that I was also getting frustrated by my 8 color crayon set. That is why my crayon coloring set kept growing in number until I finally maxed out at 72 colors. Eventually, I learned the rudiments of drawing in school and I began to hone my drawing talent by copying the Barbie designs from my coloring book collection. As I grew out of the Barbie era of my childhood, I came to be influenced by the young teen fashion magazines like Seventeen and Teen Vogue. Magazines that I got to know about because my relatives who knew of my passion for fashion would often gift me with fashion magazine subscriptions for my birthday and other holidays. I began to replicate the dress style in those magazines while throwing in my personal touch in order to come up with my own highly distinct and memorable fashion style which was often copied by my friends and schoolmates. Indeed, she who has the keen fashion sense will always start the trends. Don’t get me wrong. I did not grow up as a fashion obsessed teen. I had a well rounded youth that included school, social, sports, and other extra curricular activities. My parents made sure that even though I spent most of my time poring over fashion related activities, I would still have a wide view of the world around me and learn how to deal with other people in various settings. That is the reason why they sent me to soccer camp over four summers. For a few weeks in every year, my attention was turned from my budding talent for fashion towards learning the necessary disciplines of drive, determination, and the importance of being a team player. Those are things that I would never learn from fashion magazines but would need in order to succeed in the highly competitive fashion industry. While at school, I was often assigned to the decorations committee for various school functions and it was with great pride that I often helped my friends design their dance and prom gowns. My designs really turned heads every time my friends and I walked into the gym. But, when I was not busy with such activities, I could almost always be found at band practice after classes. I was a member of the school band since I was nine years old and I was assigned to play the drums. Knowing that I had spent practically all my life following the daily goings on in the fashion world, my parents were not surprised when I told them that I waned to major in Advertising, as well as marketing and communications. I had always talked of becoming a member of the writing or design staff of a fashion magazine and they knew that I was never one to let go of my ambitions. The one thing that always amazes my family and friends is that I am a person who can be so multi-tasking that it almost seems like I no longer sleep at night. Time seems to be my friend which is why I get to enjoy other activities like writing fictional stories and poetry, aside from my constant doodling of my fashion ideas on a sketch pad. When my parents asked me, â€Å"Where do you see yourself five years from college graduation? † after I graduated from high school, my reply was almost instantaneous, that is the same answer that I wish to share with you now. I am a very passionate person when it comes to fashion. So, it is pretty obvious that I see myself working in the creative or advertising department of a leading fashion magazine. I know that will not be hard to achieve. After all, I have spend all my time constantly preparing for that career. I know that is what I want and I know that I can make it happen for me. There is nothing that I cannot accomplish provided my mind and heart are set upon achieving it.

The Similarities Between Victor And The Monster English Literature Essay

The Similarities Between Victor And The Monster English Literature Essay Throughout the development of English literature there are often times when rival enemies inadvertently share striking similarities between one another, a situation clearly analyzed between Victor and the Monster in Mary Shelleys  captivating novel, Frankenstein. The vivid similarities between the two tragic characters are driven by their dreary isolation from the secluded world, which refuses to accept those who are different into society, by hatred, and most importantly by the absence of motherly figures in both Victors and the Monsters lives. As Victor had stated, I seemed to have lost all soul or sensation but for this one pursuit. (Shelley, 38) as he described that he lost all touch with the world due to his work. Perhaps even the old saying like father, like son can inevitably describe the flawless resemblances between the two seemingly lost characters. However, regardless of even some of the slight differences the two may portray, when comparing their experiences and human-l ike actions, it is clear that their similarities are undoubtedly proven and reflected upon throughout the novel. The ironic isolation with the rest of the world that the two characters undergo plays a major role in contributing to their powerful comparison. Both figures seem to strongly despise one another yet strangely enough, they both also despise themselves for their wrong and disastrous actions. The isolation began with Victors decision to separate himself from the rest of society when he become enthralled with his scientific research and experiments. And the same feelings which made me neglect the scenes around me caused me also to forget those friends who were so many miles absent, and whom I had not seen for so long a time. (Shelley, 40) As for the Monster, he detaches himself and becomes a frantic outsider when he realizes his appearance only drives those who he cares for most, further away from him. However, the Monsters isolation is based more on appearance rather than his decisions and work, for his deformed structure and frightening face are his greatest agonies. When I looked arou nd I saw and heard of none like me. Was I, a Monster, a blot upon the earth from which all men fled and whom all men disowned? (Shelley, 98) Lastly, looking past the text one can see that both characters desire to play their own cards on life, taking it away and bringing it back whenever they want. Victor is prepared to bring life to the dead while the Monster on the opposite hand, is willing to take away life from the living out of rage and misfortune. Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through, and pour a torrent of light into our dark world. (Shelley, 37) In a tragic twist, both of these deprived characters have been isolated, abandoned, and have simply became outcasts of present society.   Family ties and vengefulness are truly one of the most significant aspects affecting the resemblance of both Victor and the Monster. At a young age, Frankenstein was left without his mother after her death and as a result, he never got to experience the true feelings of a mothers warm touch and love. She died calmlyit is so long before the mind can persuade itself that she whom we saw every day and whose every existence appeared a part of our own can have departed forever and the sound of a voice so familiar and dear to the ear can be hushed, never more to be heard. (Shelley, 29) Just like Victor, in his own time, the Monster never got to experience not only the love of a mother but the love of a father as well. Without these two feelings the Monster was never able to understand what happiness might have truly meant. As a result, the lack of these feelings in their lives caused the two to be driven with more rage then patience and love. Another likeness between Victor and the Monster is them both being very resentful. The Monster shows his dark-side when he decides to demolish the cottagers house, the only thing that expressed in him his affectionate human-like feelings. Moreover, Victor shows the same anger when he refuses and rejects the attempt to connect and understand the life of his creation. Perhaps it truly was the lack of love from ones mother and that from both of ones parents that caused the similarities in loneliness, anger and strive for revenge between the two main characters. Victor and his creation are two characters which despite of their differences still resemble a strong and vivid connection. These driven characters thrive for the same goals, feed of similar pain, and feel the same loneliness, remorse and isolation as one another. These similarities are so extreme that it is for no reason that most of the world recognizes the creature by the name of Frankenstein himself. Isolated by society, abandoned by their childhood figures, and driven by rage, Victor and the Monster may be more alike than we can simply prove.

montaigne and descartes on doubting Essay -- essays research papers

Montaigne and Descartes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Montaigne and Descartes both made use of a philosophical method that focused on the use of doubt to make discoveries about themselves and the world around them. However, they doubted different things. Descartes doubted all his previous knowledge from his senses, while Montaigne doubted that there were any absolute certainties in knowledge. Although they both began their philosophical processes by doubting, Montaigne doubting a constant static self, and Descartes doubted that anything existed at all, Descartes was able to move past that doubt to find one indubitably certainty, â€Å"I think, therefore I am†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How often do we question what is real or true? Descartes believed that doubting everything that he knew to be truthful knowledge was the only way to find out what was actually true and real. He turned doubting into a key principle for his methods of philosophy. Descartes would ask what we really knew beyond the shadow of a doubt. To do this he resolves to search within himself (Descartes 9). First though, since he decided to doubt everything, he had to put aside all of the knowledge that he supposedly knew, to search out the truth (Descartes 13). He did this blindly, not knowing whether the truth is the knowledge that he already knew and was forcing himself to put aside, or that the truth is some knowledge he did not know that would replace his previous forms of knowledge. Descartes decided that he did not need to prove that all of his knowledge was false, but only that all of his knowledge was not certain. He did not, however, spend time examining every one of hi s bits of knowledge. Instead after setting all of his previous knowledge aside he tried to find one thing outside of his knowledge that was certain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only did Descartes set aside all of his previous knowledge, but he also set aside all knowledge he had gained, and that he continued to gain from his five senses. He would not believe what his eyes saw, or what his hand felt, because he could not yet determine his senses as giving him knowledge that could be turned into certainties. He did not have any reason to believe that he could rely on his senses. Descartes doubting of his senses also caused him to reject any knowledge that he had gained through life experience. Most of the knowl... ...se which†¦belong exclusively to the mind†¦things are sensed through understanding, understood through senses (Montaigne 414)†. It is also important to realize that our mind doubts things because it knows its own limits. Thus since we know nothing to be certain it is important to use softening phrases such as â€Å"perhaps, somewhat, some, they say, I think, and so on (356)†. Montaigne was constantly amazed at how much knowledge we claimed to be sure of.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout Montaigne’s and Descartes written work they used doubt as a method to attaining knowledge about the world and about themselves. Descartes believed that preconceived knowledge gained through learning and the senses must be set aside in order to discover certainties. Montaigne believed that there were no certainties because our knowledge was attained through our senses, and thus everyone’s knowledge would be different, because everyone senses things differently. Either way both men turned into themselves to find the knowledge they described in their philosophies. They both left us with one important bit of knowledge to carry with us throughout our lives, accept nothing, and question everything.

Babbit Vs. The Hobbit :: essays research papers

Babbitt vs. The Hobbit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sinclair Lewis’ character of George Babbitt is similar to J.R.R Tolkien’s character of Bilbo Baggins, but they are also very different. These two characters are alike in two different ways: in personality and the heroic journey. However, on every other subject these two characters are extraordinarily different. The most basic of these differences being that George Babbitt is an anti-hero and Bilbo Baggins is a hero.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning both characters seem very much alike in the way that they are portrayed. Babbitt is shown as a well to do middle aged man enjoying an afternoon nap. He is also shown to be extremely average. Bilbo too is shown enjoying a pleasant afternoon in a very average way. Both personalities are basically the same: neither will take major risks and both would rather stay at home rather than go off on some kind of “adventure';. Both are what are considered prominent, wealthy, normal, conforming members of their communities. However, both Babbitt and Bilbo show inner turmoil with their need to be “free';.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here is where the differences start to appear. The hobbit refers to something as simple as climbing a tree as an adventure. The prominent business man thinks that spending a weekend away from his wife and family is an adventure. To set forth upon an adventure of any kind a person needs to be free again, both characters define freedom in different ways. Bilbo simply needs to be away from the influence of his friends and family to find out what he really wants for himself and what he wants to do about it. Bilbo finds freedom when he makes the choice to follow the dwarves into the unknown. When Babbitt is finally given freedom when he is able to go camping alone with his friends for a week he is suddenly terrified about what he is going to do with himself. Babbitt’s friends seem to bring out his inner-self when he is finally pulled away from home and on a train going to Maine. Once up in Maine the men say that they are going to “loaf by ourselves and smok e and cuss and be natural';. In other words they are going to be free from the rules imposed on them by their wives, families and the community itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each character is also tested in a different way. Bilbo was tested several different times, each dealing with his loyalty and service to the dwarves.

Thoughts on Jack Finneys Novel Time and Again :: essays research papers

Time and Again A novel by Jack Finney Despite the fact Time and Again is fictional, it makes one wistful, thinking of how incredible it would be to be in Simon Morley’s place. To be able to see the world exactly as if a day had not passed in the time of 1882, to converse, to touch, to just breathe the air of the past – is merely dreaming. Author Jack Finney describes how such a thing would come to pass – travelling back in time – and for a moment or more, I could believe every word. However far-fetched or seemingly plausible the novel was, it was told brilliantly, and the sketches helped one immerse themselves more and more into the tale. The novel had the similar effect of Dan Brown’s novels (The Da Vinci Code, Angels & Demons, Deception Point) with meticulous research and facts, coupled with smart and abstract characters, and a theory or two, making for a convincing novel. But unlike Dan Brown’s novels, told with much suspense, heroism, and a distinctive hard-edged writing style, Time and Again was spun enthrallingly, but with a softer side, in the way character Simon Morley addressed the reader, almost in a conversational way. At some point in the story, most major characters had a moment where I felt as if it was truly summing up the character or their feelings, a moment where I truly felt as if I was seeing a depth in the character that was unknown before. Such as Jake Pickering, Julia Huff’s supposed husband-to-be, and his very unanticipated tattooing of JULIA across his chest – in defiance of Simon’s interference and his assertion of ‘owning’ Julia and her love, a very desperate act by a desperate man. Julia herself had many of these defining moments, but what I felt to be the most striking was her initial reaction the present as Simon took her back into his time. Julia’s alien-like wonder at such things as television, and the shortness the skirt Simon bought for her (knee-high). But it is how easily Julia adjusts to the newness all around her, and her innocence and horror at the violence we tolerate that truly made it a very prominent scene. It was a moment to reflect upon how we (North America especially) so easily accept the violence around us. As for Simon, he had many moments with much depth as well, but I found myself feeling very compassionate towards him when he returned back to 1882 for around the third or fourth time.

Criminal Justice and Technology

Computer and telecommunications technologies in criminal justice system have developed at an extraordinary rate. Increased computing power, advances in data transmission and attractive and user-friendly graphic interfaces present law enforcement agencies with unprecedented capacity to collect, store, analyze and share data with stakeholders inside and outside of government. Technology in criminal justice field represents a tool to help local law enforcement achieve its broadened and increasingly complex mission. But whether this capability is fully realized, and at what pace, is not a foregone conclusion. Preliminary studies suggest that if its integration is not well managed, some aspects of technology may meet with resistance among officers and other staff, particularly when such technology is perceived as unfairly intrusive or technically cumbersome. Historically, technological innovation has served as the catalyst for dramatic changes in the organization of police work and has presented both opportunities and challenges to police and other criminal justice practitioners, according to Janet Chan, a social scientist who has studied how technology affects the way police do their jobs. Noting that information is the stocking- trade of policing, Chan has identified three general imperatives driving law enforcement’s investment in information technology: 1. A Technology-driven imperative to improve effectiveness and efficiency by increasing the capacity to store and process large volumes of data; Improving intelligence and investigative capabilities; and providing ready access to criminal records and other kinds of relevant data. 2. An Information-driven imperative to satisfy increasing demands to share data with external entities, including other government agencies, the public and other outside entities such as insurance companies and other businesses; and 3. A Policy-driven imperative to meet the requirements of new forms of police management and accountability, in terms of probity, cost effectiveness, and procedural regularity, including systems designed to provide early warning for police use of force complaints. Under this new order, police are being scrutinized internally by management systems, surveillance technologies, internal audits and investigations and externally by watchdog agencies, public complaint systems and central auditors. As Chan notes, information technology provides a tool not only for policing citizens, but also for policing the police. Important technologies in the Criminal Justice System DNA- The past decade has seen great advances in a powerful criminal justice tool: deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. This one can be used to identify criminals with incredible accuracy when biological evidence exists. By the same token, DNA can be used to clear suspects and exonerate persons mistakenly accused or convicted of crimes. In all, DNA technology is increasingly vital to ensuring accuracy and fairness in the criminal justice system. DNA is generally used to solve crimes in one of two ways. In cases where a suspect is identified, a sample of that person’s DNA can be compared to evidence from the crime scene. The results of this comparison may help establish whether the suspect committed the crime. In cases where a suspect has not yet been identified, biological evidence from the crime scene can be analyzed and compared to offender profiles in DNA databases to help identify the perpetrator. Crime scene evidence can also be linked to other crime scenes through the use of DNA databases. DNA evidence is generally linked to DNA offender profiles through DNA databases. In the late 1980s, the federal government laid the groundwork for a system of national, state, and local DNA databases for the storage and exchange of DNA profiles. This system, called the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), maintains DNA profiles obtained under the federal, state, and local systems in a set of databases that are available to law enforcement agencies across the country for law enforcement purposes. CODIS can compare crime scene evidence to a database of DNA profiles obtained from convicted offenders. CODIS can also link DNA evidence obtained from different crime scenes, thereby identifying serial criminals. In order to take advantage of the investigative potential of CODIS, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, states began passing laws requiring offenders convicted of certain offenses to provide DNA samples. Currently all 50 states and the federal government have laws requiring that DNA samples be collected from some categories of offenders. Fingerprints- offer an infallible means of personal identification. That is the essential explanation for their having supplanted other methods of establishing the identities of criminals reluctant to admit previous arrests. The science of fingerprint Identification stands out among all other forensic sciences for many reasons, including the following: * Has served all governments worldwide during the past 100 years to provide accurate identification of criminals. No two fingerprints have ever been found alike in many billions of human and automated computer comparisons. Fingerprints are the very basis for criminal history foundation at every police agency on earth. * Established the first forensic professional organization, the International Association for Identification (IAI), in 1915. * Established the first professional certification program for forensic scientists, the IAI's Certified Latent Print Examiner program (in 1977), issuing certification to those meeting stringent criteria and revoking certification for serious errors such as erroneous identifications. * Remains the most commonly used forensic evidence worldwide – in most jurisdictions fingerprint examination cases match or outnumber all other forensic examination casework combined. * Continues to expand as the premier method for identifying persons, with tens of thousands of persons added to fingerprint repositories daily in America alone – far outdistancing similar databases in growth. * Worldwide, fingerprints harvested from crime â€Å"scenes lead to more suspects and generate more evidence in court than all other forensic techniques combined†. Other visible human characteristics change – fingerprints do not.

Dubliners †Joyces depiction and portrayal of Dublin Essay

‘He felt how useless it was to struggle against fortune†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ‘A Little Cloud’ ‘There was no doubt about it: if you wanted to succeed you had to go away you could do nothing in Dublin.’ ‘A Little Cloud’ From your reading of ‘Eveline’, ‘Araby’ and ‘A Little Cloud’, write about Joyce’s depiction and portrayal of Dublin in relation to the quotations above. Dubliners are a group of short stories by James Joyce. The whole series of the Dubliners is based on the city of Dublin and the people who inhabit it. We are studying three of the story’s ‘Araby’, ‘A Little Cloud’ and ‘Eveline’. The tone of the stories are depressing and full of misery. In a ‘Little Cloud’ Joyce shows that you can do nothing in Dublin. Joyce presents the character of little chandler as a weak and pathetic character this is shown by the use of the phrase ‘his hands were white and small, his frame was fragile, his voice was quiet.’ Little chandler is visiting his friend Ignatious Gallaher who grew up in Dublin and is a successful journalist this is shown through ‘had become a brilliant figure on the London press.’ Additionally we can see that Gallaher has done well for himself by the place that he wants to meet little chandler. This is highlighted by the phrase ‘he had never been in Corless but he knew the value of the name’, ‘people went there after the theatre to eat oysters and drink liquers’. Little Chandler’s character shows how Dublin disappoints people constantly. Little Chandler would like to write poetry but he knows that he can’t because he lives in Dublin. He has too many responsibilities like his family and his job. We can see also that Gallaher is having a really exciting time visiting lots of places like Paris and London. He is also making a good name for himself being a journalist in London. We can see that Little Chandler is jealous this is shown by the phrase ‘that was Ignatious Gallaher all out ; and, damn it, you couldn’t but admire him for it’. Additionally we can see that Little Chandler doesn’t have a good relationship with his wife. This is highlighted through the phrase ‘At first she wanted to take it back’ and ‘she threw the blouse on the table and said it was a regular swindle to charge ten and elevenpence for that dress’. We can see that little Chandler would like to make it as a poet and what we learn is that he always did better in school than Gallaher and yet Gallaher was the one who was better off. This shows his disappointment and how Dublin disappoints and this is why he cannot make it as a poet because of Dublin. In ‘Eveline’ James Joyce portrays Dublin as a city in which is decaying, poor and hopes and dreams are constantly being ruined. Eveline is a young women who is kept in the city by a bond between her and her mum. This promise was made on her mother’s deathbed. Eveline promised that she would keep the family together no matter what happened. She lives with her father and she has brothers and sisters but they don’t stay with her. She provides the money for the family this is shown through the phrase ‘she always gave her entire wages seven shillings’. She is fed up of this horrible life full of poverty and decay. The only good thing in her life at the moment is a sailor called Frank and sails round the world with the navy. They have been seeing each other and she wants to go with him and live in Buenos Ayres. But we can that it is hard for her to do. We see that Joyce has a lot of resemblance to the character of Eveline she promised her mother on h er deathbed and Joyce’s mum wanted him to confess his sins at church on her deathbed. In ‘Eveline’ we know that she had quite a tough and rough childhood but she loved it this is shown by the use of the phrase ‘the children of the Avenue used to play together in that field’. This shows that her childhood was a good apart from one thing her father was very violent towards her and her brothers this is illustrated in the passage by ‘Keogh the cripple used to keep nix and call out when her father was coming’. But that was when Dublin wasn’t a slum. I know fro my own knowledge that at that time Dublin boasted the best slums in Europe. We can see how Dublin is a decaying city in the story through the phrase ‘in her nostrils was the odour of dusty cretonne’, ‘inhaling the odour of dusty cretonne’. This shows that it’s all around not just in one spot. Towards the end of the story we realise that she can’t go with Frank to Buenos Ayres because of her promise with her mother she realises this just as she is about to board. She sees how her dad is old and can not look after himself with out her help. â€Å"Araby† is a short story by Joyce that I believe is a reflection of his own life as a boy growing up in Dublin. Joyce portrays the young boy as a narrator; however the narrator seems much more mature then the boy in the story. The story focuses on the boy’s feelings for the girl on North Richmond Street we can see how the story is about disappointment and love and I believe it is a reflection of Joyce’s life and the constant struggle. The boy is obsessed with his friend’s sister he hides in the shadows, peering secluded from a distance trying to spy her â€Å"brown figure† this is obviously his first love this is highlighted through the phrase ‘we hid in the shadow until we had seen him safely housed or if Mangan’s sister came out onto the doorstep’. One day he finally builds up the courage to ask her what she is doing at the weekend we learn that there is a bazaar going on in the city but ‘she could not go, she said, because there would be a retreat in her convent’. The narrator decides that he wants to bring her something back from the bazaar. The boy sees the bazaar at Araby as an opportunity to win her over, as a way to show her that he wants more than a friendship. However, the boy is lost for words to speak. He fantasizes about her, how bringing her a gift from the bazaar will capture her heart. He had promised her a gift and he is annoyed by his uncles late return home and his forgetfulness. This is shown through ‘at nine o clock I heard my uncles latchkey in the halldoor’, ‘I asked him to give me the money to go to the bazaar. He had forgotten’. Nevertheless, he is undeterred and catches an empty train to the bazaar. He finds it much like North Richmond Street, empty and dark with few people. The young lady at the stall ignores him while she talks with the men. This is shown through the phrase ‘a young lady was talking and laughing with two young gentlemen’. When she finally approaches, he is not certain what he wants. As the woman turns and walks away, he realizes the opportunity of winning his friends sister through gift has slipped. In the end, regret burns in his eyes as the cold grip of reality takes hold of him. In all of Joyce’s story’s Dublin is always portrayed as place of misery and depression. We see how this is shown through all of Joyce’s story’s. In Eveline we see how she is disappointed by the responsibilities at home and that is the reason she can’t go to Buenos Ayres. In Araby his uncle coming home drunk and not letting him go to the bazaar disappoints the boy. In a little cloud we see how the charcter of little Chandler is constantly being disappointed this is shown by Gallahers success instead of him. Gallaher has made it as a successful journalist and has visited all of these fancy places even though Chandler always used to do better then him at school. Chandler also doesn’t have a very good relationship with his wife and this depresses him. Dublin doesn’t sound like a great place to live or grow up as Joyce depicts it. In conclusion Joyce portrays Dublin as a prison of misery and depression people are trapped and it is a graveya rd of ambition.

Operation and Productivity Question

Chapter 1 1. )The 10 decision of OM are applied at Frito-lay as followed; at Frito-lay, product development kitchens experiment with new products, submit them to focus groups, and perform test marketing. Once the product specifications have been set, process capable of meeting those specifications, and the necessary quality onsite inspection of the potatoes used in ruffles and the corn used in Fritos. The continuance of quality throughout the manufacturing process, with statistical process control of product variables such as oil, moisture, seasoning, salt, thickness and weight. Quality continues when evaluations are conducted throughout shipment, receipt, production, packaging and delivery. 2. )To determine the productivity of the production process at Fritos-lay you must look at the amount of production. The production process at Fritos-lay is designed for large volumes and small variety, using expensive special-purpose equipment, and with swift movement of material through the facility. Fritos-Lay’s, typically have high capital cost, tight schedules, and rapid processing. The company rewards employees with medical, retirement, and education plans; also vendors must be chosen with great care. 3. )At the Hard Rock Cafe, being a service organization, the 10 decisions of OM differentiate from Frito-Lay because Frito-Lays have a production process organization. In a production process company such as Frito-lay, a production line is created and designed for balance throughput and high utilization. The production line is there to manage with sanitary issues since fast processing of productions put a premium on an efficient layout. At Fritos-Lay product development kitchens experiment with new product, submit them to focus groups, and perform test marketing. Unlike Frito-Lay, at the Hard Rock Cafe it being a service industry, the operation managers’ deal with economic activities typically produces. They deal with economy stuff, for example, trades, financial, and other professional occupations.

Indian Independence Movement and Modern India Essay

I am Chandini C Kurup of class IX B standing here to speak to you on this auspicious occasion of Republic Day As we are celebrating the 64th Republic Day of India, we students have some responsibilities to shoulder, and some duties to plunge ourselves. The contribution of students in the struggle for Indian independence and thereafter in the making of modern India can never be negated. From the prehistoric times to the recent years, students in India have played a significant role in shaping the history, culture and demographics of our beloved motherland. Students are not moved by greed, nor touched by the fanaticism and bigotry between brothers and sisters, in religion or otherwise, nor engulfed by the violence that seems to be a standing libel on the world all around. We students are the most pure, the most energetic. And it is the time for us once more to take the oaths and help the nation march forward. Let us take an oath to explore our country in its history, geography, culture and literature as much as we can. It is a pity that we can name several novelists, artists and musicians of England, France, Germany, Russia and many more foreign countries without much thoughts, but need to reach our notebooks and laptops to name even a few of them from our neighboring states. Let us take an oath to understand the immense power of the Indian culture and tradition that have always been the unity in our rich diversity. India was never a nation before the British rule. Our country was forever decided in numerous political pockets, in fact the very concept of a nation is purely Western, yet the concept of a country united through her culture was always there. Only that culture has been the lifeline of India, despite the number of invasions and aggressions on our motherland. If we forget that culture altogether and rush with closed eyes to imitate the West, the end is near. Let us take an oath to do our duties for the country and the environment. If we do all our rough works in the electronic media, we would save lot of papers and trees to make a difference. We can choose not to accept plastic carry bags and request our friends and relatives to follow us. Once in a week, we can offer free tuition to our needy brothers and sisters. Lots of medicines, old books, and old clothes go waste every year; we can donate them to these organizations as well. Our years old shirts that we hate to put on now will bring smiles to many of our friends in need. Morality is the basis and we must not forget that too. We don’t need to be religious and in fact the maker of modern India, Swami Vivekananda, used to hate the manifold rites and customs that make the gap between religions and the common man. But we need to have faith – faith on God, on the essential goodness of man, on the strength and future of our country, and last but not the least, in ourselves. Our nation is made of none but us, and if we can enlighten ourselves we can enlighten the whole nation. We are the future of India, and the way we make ourselves ready for it will decide the fate of the country in the years to come. All good deeds and attempts are mocked by a class of people we must not be afraid nor ashamed of them. All good deeds are achieved through hardships, and we must toil. But all good deeds bring forth a joy to the core of our heart that none can snatch away, and to our last days of lives, that pleasure is going to be our precious possession for sure. Let us respect our country, our nation, our brave soldiers, our Constitution, our national anthem, and our national flag. As we will follow our ways back to home after this ceremony, we might see paper made tricolor flags torn down from ropes and poles and lying on the street dust like garbage; let us spend a few minutes on our way, today at least, to stop and pick them for a better and respectful disposal. The road ahead is a long one, where we have miles to go. With determination and unity we can move forward. On this special occasion, I urge all of you to show the unity and strength and develop the nation where citizens live with peace and mutual understanding.

Violence against Women in War is an Extension of Domestic Violence Essay

Violence against Women in War is an Extension of Domestic Violence - Essay Example Before such acts of rape, assault and physical violence against women occur during wars and conflicts, the same must have happened domestically, way before. Female genital mutilation forced marriages, forced and selective abortion, abandonment, gender discrimination in property inheritance, forced sex, rape and a series of other domestic abuses happen to women of different faiths, from different economic backgrounds, in almost all countries in the world, taking either of these forms or the other. Therefore, while such abuses, violence, and acts of aggression finds themselves into war and conflicts zones, it is because they have been happening under the cover of the domestic veil, only that wars and conflicts have created a better opportunity to accelerate and repeatedly commit the acts of violence, with no fear of legal consequences. More so, statistics have indicated that the servicemen, especially the military, operatives and combat personalities who have been involved in a series of operations in different regions of the world are more likely to attack, abuse or assault their intimate partners or children, while raping and assaulting the victims of conflicts and wars during their combat duties. Such occurrences are mostly contributed to, by the stress and substance use related consequences of the wars that such service men and combatants have been exposed to. The fundamental behavioral principle that connects domestic violence and violence against women in war is one, namely the overwhelming display of superior force, applied towards controlling and cowing the victims and putting them in a situation where they cannot express any resistance.

Creating a Bankruptcy Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creating a Bankruptcy Plan - Essay Example assets and liabilities, a liquidation plan of reorganization stating the financial benefits for creditors, and approval of the plan by the company creditors. Within 20 days after filing, debtor meets the appointed bankruptcy trustee to discuss details of the reorganization plan. Within 30 to 45 days after filing, debtor meets creditors in a meeting presided over by trustee to agree on the payment plan proposed by debtor. Discussions, approval, or rejections by the creditors on the disclosure statement, proposed payment plan and analysis of the liquidation plan should be finalized not more than 120 days after filing. When the plan is approved, the debtor is discharged from any debt that arose before confirmation. After confirmation of plan, debtor is required to make payments as stated in the reorganization. A new contractual right replaces the pre-bankruptcy contracts. (Chapter 11) is â€Å"when one is unable to pay his debts any more. The bankruptcy law gives a person who is burdened with debts to have a new start by wiping out his/her debts.†(Maller-Barnes-Bowers-Langvardt, Chap. 20) A debtor is not given a discharge if he has not paid debts for taxes and debts related to committed crimes. or if there are â€Å"debts covered by a waiver of discharge executed by the debtor and approved by the court. An order of discharge cannot also be given to a debtor who has a judicial order to pay domestic support obligations unless he can certify that he is up to date in payments. (Mallor-Barnes-Bowers-Langvardt, Chap. 20) A debtor who has a confirmed plan for reorganization is allowed to request for modification of the plan anytime after its confirmation. According to Chapter 11 Bankruptcy code, modification is allowed if he/she has met some requirements of the Bankruptcy Code. This request will require the creditors’ consensus and approval of the court. Flynn, E, Bermant, G. and Burke, Virginia (2000). â€Å"Bankruptcy by the Numbers†. Executive Office for the

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE DIFFICULTIES OF PROVIDING EXCELLENT CUSTOMER Essay

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE DIFFICULTIES OF PROVIDING EXCELLENT CUSTOMER SERVICE - Essay Example This essay will explicate customer service and its recent trends, its good and negative practices, the disadvantages of bad customer service, its difficulties and how to improve this as a profession. Customer Service: The Basic Customer service relates to marketing and sale of product to a customer from manufacturer to targeted end-user (La Londe and Zinser, 1976). In this service, there is so much need about worker’s availability, reliability, quality delivery of services, responsiveness, organizational ability, communication skill and flexibility. While valuing customer, the customer service representative (CSR) should integrate quality service to develop customer retention and to inculcate competitive advantage in the marketing arena. As such, this means that the CSR is able to contribute improve the profitability of the company. Positive Customer service It is perceived that positive customer service is characterized with sensitivity to buy and sell transactional relations , sufficient knowledge on the crossing-points in the supply chain viz-a-viz marketing orientation, organization in performing tasks and good cognizance of the factors relating to buying-and-sell situation. The customer must therefore be knowledgeable on standard product or service delivery system; immediately recognize critical service problems; develop customer communication system; and have ability to build relations with clients. Kano, Seraku, Takahasi,& Tsuji (1984) explained that positive service is obtain whenever customer satisfaction and marketing strategies are achieved through quality management. Kano et.al (1984). This refers to the ability of the customer representative to meet the six quality attributes. These factors are basic entry threshold toward customer fulfillment, excitement factor, and performance ability (Kano et.al, 1984). Other factors are the indifferent, questionable and reverse attributes. The latter are not much regarded by customers though (Kano et.al., 1984). It is essential however that the customer service representative is able to articulate to customer the basic features of the product or service sold and relate with flexibility, simplicity, adjustability and cost (Kano et.al,1984). As workers, they must be able to balance the financial, customer, business processes and learning perspectives while tending to clients. Financial factor refers to an attribute of being knowledgeable on company’s financial data, including automation of financial processing, to keep them abreast on market risks and to ascertain cost-benefit of investment (Kano et.al,1984). On customer sensitivity, performance management CSR must be able to meet reasonably the customers’ needs and satisfaction (Kano et.al,1984). On the business side, CSR should know how to contribute in strategic management because his task is ultimately linked with the overall goal of the company he or she represents (Kano et.al,1984). He is part of the support process es. Balancing views on these factors can help bolster the performance of the company. It assists in integrating quality and customer service programs for profit, reliability, influence, customer empathy and to ensure quality assurance (Kano et.al,1984).

Globalization in China as it relates to MacroEconomics Essay

Globalization in China as it relates to MacroEconomics - Essay Example (U.S. Commercial Service) China has been doing an admirable job of attracting foreign direct Investment (FDI), which has made it a powerful force to reckon with in the World Economic scene. In 2004, China kept its place as one of the top two destinations in the world of FDI adding $64 billion. Over $564 billion of FDI has been invested in China since it opened to the world in 1979.Executives overwhelmingly consider China to be the undisputed top FDI destination for the third year in a row in 2004. About 40% of global investors expressed a more positive outlook on China's economy, four times the number of executives who had a dimmer view of China. The path to economic liberalization has been a difficult but fruitful one for China. It has triumphed due to its determination and commitment to open up its markets to foreign investors. A Business Week article in 2001 stated that "after two decades of steady but halting reforms, Beijing is now racing to dismantle the last vestiges of a command economy". Let us trace the FDI history in China. Since late 1978, China has carried out massive economic reforms in an effort to restructure its economy to be more market oriented. FDI was one of the primary goals of its reforms. The government has over the years slowly liberalized the restrictions on FDI to gain technology transfer, modern management skills and foreign exchange. The government's first move to entice FDI was taken in 1979 with the Equity Joint Venture Law. This law allowed the legal entry of FDI and provided a statutory basis for the establishment of joint ventures in China. But Investment was allowed in only designated Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and was encouraged via tax incentives. As investments grew, additional laws were required. In 1983 another law was issued which provided greater details on all joint ventures in FDI. The government also expanded the SEZs in 1984.Then it passed Foreign Exchange Balance Provisions and Encouragement provisions in 1986, which facilitated FDI and allowed firms to solve fore ign exchange problems. (Jun Fu, November 2000). In 1994, China conducted a new round of FDI reforms. It abolished the official exchange rate and adopted a market rate. It also abolished the exchange quota retention system. In 1996, the government adopted IMF article A that removed all restrictions on foreign exchange transactions. All these reforms went a long way to boost investor confidence. In the November 1999 US-China WTO Accession Agreement, China agreed to several ground breaking reforms. (Sandra Berkun, 2001). Some of them were: China will phase in trading rights and distribution services over three years, and open up sectors relating to distribution services such as repair and maintenance, warehousing, trucking and air-courier services (US-China Business Council). China committed to allow FDI in its telecommunications industry. Increased access in banking, insurance and securities will be phased in the next five years resulting in full market access in all activities and regions. China also promised national treatment for foreign banks and minority ownership in domestic security firms and more insurance businesses.(Lardy ,1998) Increased access for professional services including accounting, consulting, engineering, medical and Information Technology. (Lardy,

Twelfth night Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Twelfth night - Essay Example Shakespeare, it appears used metatheatre in creating these highlighted elements as is evident in his popular play Romeo and Juliet. This study text will evaluate his play Twelfth Night and highlight several instances where metatheatre and artifice suffice in justifying the statement that most of his works were indeed metatheatrical. In the Twelfth Night, Viola, who is a lady, is disguised as a boy, Cesario. The point of metadrama in the play suffices when Cesario (Viola) is seen saying to Olivia, â€Å"I am not that I play† (Shakespeare n.p.). This was after Olivia had prepared the ground for the metatheatrical portrayal when she asks Cesario, â€Å"Are you a comedian?† Her utterance has multiple meanings which reveal the metatheatre. First, she is trying to say that in the play where she is playing the role of Cesario, she is not him. Concisely, she is not the young man that she is portrayed as, but is actually a lady, Viola. This revelation simply tells the audience that she is only disguised as Cesario, but in real life, she is not. In this, Viola has stepped out of the play and has come out to the audience. Second, and to the audience who understand that it is Viola, who is acting as Cesario, there is an increased connection with the play. In short, in being able to uncover the disguise, they are bound to enjoy the play more. Closely related to the revelation seen in Cesario’s â€Å"removal† of her disguise is the act of a girl-playing-boy. The mere fact that Cesario, who the audience once viewed as a lady has forced them to realize, or rather, remember that she is female. This is also a form of acknowledging that the play is just that; a play. Better put, the audience might have been deeply engrossed into the Twelfth Night that they forgot that it was all an illusion. The same happens with the actors; they might be so indulged into their acting that they

Based on the above statement. discuss and critically evaluate the Essay

Based on the above statement. discuss and critically evaluate the conceptual Business Model framework with reference to structur - Essay Example Success in this case is not only valued in the amount of money that a business is able to make but is based on whether the organization is able to achieve all the objectives it had set out for itself at the beginning of the business. For example, a Non Profit organization does not focus on increasing their profit margin but have other objectives on hand (mainly to do with helping others) and it is by achieving these objectives that they consider themselves successful. A business model will determine the structure and purpose of an organization as well as how that organization will evaluate itself. The model is chosen at the beginning of the formation of the business and will determine how a business will proceed henceforth in attaining the objectives that it has set out for itself (Pike & Neale, 2003). The type of business will depend on the ambition of the organization and what they hope to achieve by setting up the business (Spencer, 2000).. ... Therefore it can be said that the business model used brings out the character of a business. There are a number of objectives that an organization that enters the market may hope to achieve and it is these objectives that determine the type of business model that will used by the company (Cuthbertson & Nitzsche, 2001). It is essential to understand the main categories of these objectives in order to understand the business models that have been employed to achieve them. The main categories of business objectives include: Profit – This is the most traditional objective in existence when it comes to businesses. Most organizations are set up in order to make money from the activities that they participate in and thus the main objective of such a business would be to improve their profit margin as much as possible (George & Bock, 2012). Such businesses will employ a business model that mainly focuses on gaining a controlling hold on the market and attracting as many consumers as possible while using the least amount of money in terms of cost in activities such as production and other required necessities that may include factors such as marketing and advertising strategies and remuneration among other costs. Social Uplifting – This is a newer concept with organizations and has developed from the emergence of social responsibility that organizations may feel towards the society that they operate in. This objective focuses on improving the lives of individuals within the society that they operate in and do not only focus on improving profit margins. In such an organization, decisions are influenced by how they will affect the society and do not only focus on the bottom line (George & Bock, 2012). These organizations feel that it is possible for everyone to

Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Latin America - Essay Example One of the features is the central lowlands. The others are the eastern region’s extensive highlands of Guiana and Brazil and the third is the Andes. The Andes for instance comprise ranges of mountains that are Cenozoic that resulted from the active convergence of the Pacific tectonic plates and the American tectonic plates (Gritzner, 2006). The Latin America is widely reputed for its extensive tracks of fertile lands all across the continent and also with sites rich in rare minerals and stones. There are in addition to these, a plethora of water bodies all across the Latin America in the form of rivers, lakes, streams, and so coupled with beautiful sceneries. The nature of the geography of Latin America has been more beneficial to the people living in the region than it has been detrimental. For one, the geography is one that attracts habitable/ suitable climates where populations and crops can thrive. There is a lot of rainfall experienced in the region throughout the year and with the fertile soils of the lands, agriculture in the region continues to boom. The region therefore because of its geography is food sufficient with the surplus exported to other areas for foreign exchange. Furthermore, as already stated, the geography of the lands boasts rocks that contain a number of minerals such as copper, tin and mercury from the Altiplano, that are mined for monetary value (Webb, 1972). Because of this good geography too, the Latin America has provided a suitable habitat for wildlife species such as in the Amazon that continue to elicit great tourism revenues. Other natural beauties of this geography such as the Iguazu falls in Argentina and the Perito Moreno glacier also bring in millions of tourists to the region annually. Because of all these activities that have been facilitated by the generous geography of the area, the region continues to experience great economic growth and the improvement of standards of living of the

Kant vs. Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kant vs. Aristotle - Essay Example Duty is reasons-choice is freedom, and when you can choose what to do, morality and ethics take a back seat. What is considered moral to some people may not be empowering to all people, and when someone says, "This is moral-this is what you have a duty to do. Therefore it is the law", not everyone may agree and will become disempowered when they are required to do the duty. Morality is nothing more than self-delusion and exaggerated conceit. (Timmermann, 10) What one person considers "saintly", may just be "normal" to someone else, and therefore not a moral or ethical duty. An example of this would be when someone invites a homeless person into their home for a meal. Others may think this is a "saintly" act, but the person who invited the homeless person may just consider it a routine, daily activity-because it is in their nature to do so. It may not be a matter of morality or ethics to this person, but as a normal way of being for him or her-a normal response to the commitment he or she made about a particular issue. According to Timmerman, Kant believes that an action is only moral when done in the sphere of duty. It cannot be supererogatory, nor can it be a matter of choice. When done from duty, it is what a person is obligated to do, and it is moral, but it is not freedom. Kant says this because good is not measured in more or lesser degrees. (Timmermann, 14) One cannot be expected to perform extravagant acts if the person chooses not to. Duty would make a person perform a certain act, but it there were no duty, the act would not be performed. On the other hand, Aristotle says that a just action does not need to be required to be chosen to be done. This means that just because an action is required by law, does not mean that it has to be done. Reasons are excuses-why need reasons to be great Why require reasons to do what is just Do it because you proclaim it needs to be done. The act doesn't matter-it's who you are being that matters. Example-someone who saves another person's life just for the fame and glory is doing it from an unstable disposition. But the person who saves another person's life because it needs to happen is doing that from a stable disposition. According to Aristotle, it is better to be humble and do just and fair acts; than to do an act for dishonorable reasons. When a person just wants the fame and glory, they are not really interested in contributing to the human condition-they are acting from a selfish perspective. To be truly honorable, according to Aristotle, the act must spring from who that person is being. He sees that who a person is being is more important than what that person does. If a person is being selfish, that is also what the person does. Selfish acts come from a selfish disposition. But when a person is being loving, then loving acts come out. Actions are just the overflow of the character-who we are being. Development of character has three phases: 1) who we are being, 2) what we do, and 3) what we have. When the first one is not complete, we are not complete as a whole. Action comes second to who we are being, and Aristotle believed that when someone's actions are incongruent with who they are being, then the actions are invalid. Kant, however, believed that choice was more important than duty, and when someone is free to choose what they want to do, they are living in a higher space than someone who is doing something out of duty, because it is "moral". Duty dictates what we "should" do, while